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138 System Analysis and Tuning Guide
However, using this governor often does not lead to the expected power savings
as the highest savings can usually be achieved at idle through entering C-states.
Due to running processes at the lowest frequency with the powersave governor,
processes will take longer to finish, thus prolonging the time for the system to en-
ter any idle C-states.
Tuning options: The range of minimum frequencies available to the governor can
be adjusted (for example, with the cpupower command line tool).
On-demand Governor
The kernel implementation of a dynamic CPU frequency policy: The governor
monitors the processor utilization. As soon as it exceeds a certain threshold, the
governor will set the frequency to the highest available. If the utilization is less
than the threshold, the next lowest frequency is used. If the system continues to
be underemployed, the frequency is again reduced until the lowest available fre-
quency is set.
For SUSE Linux Enterprise, the on-demand governor is the default governor and
the one that has the best test coverage.
Tuning options: The range of available frequencies, the rate at which the gov-
ernor checks utilization, and the utilization threshold can be adjusted. An-
other parameter you might want to change for the on-demand governor is
ignore_nice_load. For details, refer to Procedure11.1, “Ignoring Nice Val-
ues in Processor Utilization” (page147).
Conservative Governor
Similar to the on-demand implementation, this governor also dynamically ad-
justs frequencies based on processor utilization, except that it allows for a more
gradual increase in power. If processor utilization exceeds a certain threshold, the
governor does not immediately switch to the highest available frequency (as the
on-demand governor does), but only to next higher frequency available.
Tuning options: The range of available frequencies, the rate at which the gover-
nor checks utilization, the utilization thresholds, and the frequency step rate can
be adjusted.
11.2.2 Related Files and Directories
If the CPUfreq subsystem in enabled on your system (which it is by default with
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server), you can find the relevant files and directories under
- SUSE Linux 1
- Enterprise Server 1
- Contents 3
- III Kernel Monitoring 69 4
- IV Resource Management 113 5
- V Kernel Tuning 153 6
- 16 Tuning the Network 187 7
- 17 Tracing Tools 193 7
- 18 kexec and kdump 205 7
- A GNU Licenses 221 8
- About This Guide 9
- 1 Available Documentation 10
- 2 Feedback 12
- 3 Documentation Conventions 13
- PartI.Basics 15
- General Notes on System 17
- 1.2 Rule Out Common Problems 18
- 1.3 Finding the Bottleneck 18
- 1.4 Step-by-step Tuning 19
- PartII.System Monitoring 21
- System Monitoring Utilities 23
- 2.1.1 vmstat 24
- With sadc 27
- CPU Utilization Report: sar 28
- Memory Usage Report: sar -r 28
- 2.1.2.3 Visualizing sar Data 30
- 2.2 System Information 31
- Viewer: udevadm monitor 34
- 2.3 Processes 35
- 2.3.2 Process List: ps 36
- 2.3.3 Process Tree: pstree 37
- 2.3.4 Table of Processes: top 38
- 2.4 Memory 42
- HugePages_Rsvd: 0 44
- HugePages_Surp: 0 44
- Hugepagesize: 2048 kB 44
- DirectMap4k: 2689024 kB 44
- DirectMap2M: 5691392 kB 44
- 2.5 Networking 45
- 2.6 The /proc File System 49
- 2.6.1 procinfo 51
- 2.7 Hardware Information 53
- 2.8 Files and File Systems 54
- Binaries 56
- 2.8.4 File Properties: stat 56
- 2.9 User Information 57
- 2.10 Time and Date 57
- 2.11 Graph Your Data: RRDtool 58
- 2.11.2.1 Collecting Data 59
- 2.11.2.2 Creating Database 60
- 2.11.3 For More Information 63
- Monitoring with Nagios 65
- 3.3.1 Object Definition Files 67
- 3.4 Configuring Nagios 69
- 3.5 Troubleshooting 72
- 3.6 For More Information 73
- Analyzing and Managing 75
- System Log Files 75
- 4.3 Managing Log Files with 78
- 4.4 Monitoring Log Files with 80
- Log Entries 81
- PartIII.Kernel Monitoring 83
- SystemTap—Filtering and 85
- Analyzing System Data 85
- 5.1.1 SystemTap Scripts 86
- 5.1.2 Tapsets 86
- 5.1.3 Commands and Privileges 87
- 5.2 Installation and Setup 88
- 5.3 Script Syntax 90
- Ctrl + C 91
- 5.3.3.1 Functions 92
- Variables 95
- Conditional Statements 96
- 5.4 Example Script 97
- 5.5 User-Space Probing 98
- 5.6 For More Information 99
- Kernel Probes 101
- 6.1 Supported Architectures 102
- 6.2 Types of Kernel Probes 102
- 6.3 Kernel probes API 103
- 6.4 Debugfs Interface 104
- 6.5 For More Information 105
- Perfmon2—Hardware 107
- Based Performance 107
- Monitoring 107
- 7.1.2 Sampling and Counting 108
- 7.2 Installation 109
- 7.3 Using Perfmon 110
- 7.4 Retrieving Metrics From 113
- interrupt = 115
- ovfl_intr_ns / 115
- ovfl_intr_all_count 115
- 7.5 For More Information 116
- OProfile—System-Wide 119
- Profiler 119
- 8.4 Using OProfile 120
- 8.4.1 General Steps 121
- 8.5 Using OProfile's GUI 123
- 8.6 Generating Reports 124
- 8.7 For More Information 124
- PartIV.Resource 127
- Management 127
- General System Resource 129
- 9.1.2 Installation Scope 130
- 9.1.3 Default Runlevel 130
- 9.2 Disabling Unnecessary 131
- Services 131
- 9.3.1 File Systems 132
- Kernel Control Groups 135
- 10.2 Scenario 136
- Disk I/O 137
- Network I/O 137
- 10.3 Control Group Subsystems 138
- 10.4 Using Controller Groups 141
- 10.4.3 Example: Cpusets 142
- 10.4.4 Example: cgroups 143
- 10.5 For More Information 144
- Power Management 147
- 11.1.4 Turbo Features 150
- 11.2 The Linux Kernel CPUfreq 151
- Infrastructure 151
- 11.3 Viewing, Monitoring and 153
- Tuning Power-related Settings 153
- Statistics with cpupower 157
- 11.4 Special Tuning Options 160
- 11.5 Creating and Using Power 163
- Management Profiles 163
- 11.6 Troubleshooting 164
- 11.7 For More Information 165
- PartV.Kernel Tuning 167
- Installing Multiple Kernel 169
- Versions 169
- 12.1 Enabling and Configuring 170
- Multiversion Support 170
- Kernel Versions with YaST 171
- Kernel Versions with zypper 172
- Tuning I/O Performance 175
- 13.2 Available I/O Elevators 176
- 13.2.2 NOOP 177
- 13.2.3 DEADLINE 177
- 13.3 I/O Barrier Tuning 178
- Tuning the Task Scheduler 179
- 14.2 Process Classification 180
- 14.3 O(1) Scheduler 181
- 14.4.1 How CFS Works 183
- 14.4.2 Grouping Processes 183
- 14.4.4 Terminology 184
- Scheduler Statistics 189
- 14.5 For More Information 190
- Tuning the Memory 193
- Management Subsystem 193
- 15.1 Memory Usage 194
- 15.1.4 Buffer Heads 195
- 15.1.5 Writeback 195
- 15.1.6 Readahead 195
- 15.1.7 VFS caches 195
- 15.2 Reducing Memory Usage 196
- Tunable Parameters 197
- 15.3.2 Writeback Parameters 198
- 15.3.3 Readahead parameters 199
- 15.3.4 Further VM Parameters 199
- 15.5 Monitoring VM Behavior 200
- Tuning the Network 201
- /proc/sys/net/ipv6 202
- /proc/sys/net/core 202
- /proc/sys/net/ipv4 202
- 16.3 Netfilter 203
- 16.4 For More Information 204
- PartVI.Handling 205
- System Dumps 205
- Tracing Tools 207
- Valgrind 212
- 17.3.3 General Information 213
- 17.3.4 Default Options 214
- 17.3.5 How Valgrind Works 214
- 17.3.6 Messages 215
- 17.3.7 Error Messages 216
- 17.4 For More Information 217
- 18.1 Introduction 219
- 18.2 Required Packages 220
- 18.3 kexec Internals 220
- 18.4 Basic kexec Usage 221
- Routine Reboots 222
- /sbin/mkinitrd -D vlan0 223
- /sbin/mkinitrd -I eth0 223
- 18.6.2 YaST Configuration 226
- 18.7 Analyzing the Crash Dump 227
- 18.7.1 Kernel Binary Formats 228
- 18.8 Advanced kdump 231
- Configuration 231
- 18.9 For More Information 232
- GNU Licenses 235
- 2. VERBATIM COPYING 236
- 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 236
- 4. MODIFICATIONS 236
- 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 237
- GNU Licenses 225 239
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